Periodic Table

Actinium

Actinide

Quick Facts about Actinium

Ra
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Radioactive- no stable isotopes exist
  • +3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • FCC- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Th

Actinium (Ac) is element 89 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Ac: 227.0000 u. Ac is in period 7. Melting point of Ac: 1500.00 K.Density of Ac: 10.00 g/cm³.

Why Actinium Matters

Actinium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Actinium-227 is used in neutron sources
  • Actinium-225 is promising for targeted cancer therapy
  • Limited commercial applications

Industry Uses

ResearchResearch applications in nuclear physics

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Actinium-225 precisely targets cancer cells

Safety: Actinium is highly radioactive and dangerous It accumulates in bone like other radioactive metals The short half-life limits systemic damage

Discovery of Actinium

Discovered by André Debierne in France, 1899

Name origin: Greek: akis, aktinos (ray).

History & Events

1899
Named from Greek 'aktinos' meaning ray
1899
Discovered by André-Louis Debierne in 1899
1899
First of the actinide series to be discovered
1899
Gives the actinide series its name

About Actinium

Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanumpy. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.

Atomic Properties of Ac

Atomic Number of Ac
89
Atomic Mass of Ac
227.0000 u
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
Electronegativity
1.10
Block
f-block
Group
Period
7

Physical Properties of Ac

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Ac
1500.00 K
Boiling Point of Ac
3500.00 K
Density of Ac
10.0000 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
10.50 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
292.90 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.12 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
195 pm
Covalent
186 pm
Van der Waals
247 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Actinium is a man-made element.
Correct:It occurs naturally from uranium decay
Wrong:Actinium is just dangerous.
Correct:Actinium-225 is a breakthrough cancer treatment
Wrong:The actinide series is all synthetic.
Correct:Several occur naturally

Isotopes of Actinium

Actinium has 0 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 2 notable radioactive isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
22589Ac (Ac-225)Actinium-225 isotope225.023230%10 daysα
22789Ac (Ac-227)Actinium-227 isotope227.02775230%21.77 yearsβ⁻

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Actinium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Medical Applications

225Ac (with a half-life of 10 days) can be used in cancer treatments (Fig. IUPAC.89.1). The isotope is attached to a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion) and delivered to the problem site. The emissions of alpha particles from actinium and its daughter products cause tumor death [586]. 225Ac in a series of alpha decays produces 213Bi (with a half-life of 0.76 h), which is also used for radioimmunotherapy [587].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
5.50×10-10 mg/kg

Uses

It has no significant commercial applications.

Sources

Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
synthetic
Geochemical Class
U/Th decay series

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