Periodic Table

Protactinium

Actinide

Quick Facts about Protactinium

Th
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Radioactive- no stable isotopes exist
  • +5, +4- common oxidation states in compounds
  • TET- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
U

Protactinium (Pa) is element 91 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Pa: 231.0400 u. Pa is in period 7. Melting point of Pa: 1841.00 K.Density of Pa: 15.37 g/cm³.

Why Protactinium Matters

Protactinium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • No significant commercial applications exist
  • Used only in scientific research
  • Dating of ocean sediments uses protactinium
  • Extremely rare and expensive to produce

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

No biological role. Accumulates in bones and kidneys.

Safety: Protactinium is radioactive and toxic. Both radioactivity and chemical toxicity pose hazards.

Discovery of Protactinium

Discovered by Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner in England/France, 1917

Name origin: Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.

History & Events

1913
Named from Greek 'protos' (first) + actinium
1913
Predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-tantalum'
1913
Discovered by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring in 1913
234
First identified isotope (Pa-234) has a very short half-life

About Protactinium

Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, 231Pa has a half-life of 32,760 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.

Atomic Properties of Pa

Atomic Number of Pa
91
Atomic Mass of Pa
231.0400 u
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Electronegativity
1.50
Block
f-block
Group
Period
7

Physical Properties of Pa

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Pa
1841.00 K
Boiling Point of Pa
4300.00 K
Density of Pa
15.3700 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
16.70 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
481.20 kJ/mol

Atomic Radii

Calculated
180 pm
Covalent
169 pm
Van der Waals
243 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Protactinium is the first actinide.
Correct:Actinium (Z=89) is the first actinide, giving the series its name. Protactinium is the second.
Wrong:The name 'protactinium' means 'first actinide'.
Correct:The name means 'parent of actinium' because 231Pa decays to 227Ac through alpha emission.
Wrong:Protactinium is purely synthetic.
Correct:Protactinium occurs naturally in uranium ores, though it is one of the rarest natural elements on Earth.

Isotopes of Protactinium

Protactinium has 0 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
23191Pa (Pa-231)Protactinium-231 isotope231.0358842100.00%32,760 yearsα

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Protactinium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

231Pa is a natural radiogenic isotope produced by alpha decay of 235U to 231Th, followed by beta emission to form 231Pa. Although its behavior in the environment as a transient member of the U-series decay chain may be complex, measurements and modeling of 231Pa in relation to the isotopes of uranium and thorium have been used in a variety of geochronologic applications on time scales of 103 to 105 years [596], [597]. Studies include movement of water masses and particles in the oceans, rates of magma melting and movement beneath volcanoes, and ages of carbonate mineral deposits, including corals, in relation to climate change.

Abundance

Earth's Crust
1.40×10-6 mg/kg
Seawater
5.00×10-11 mg/L

Uses

It has no significant commercial applications.

Sources

Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
litophile
Geochemical Class
U/Th decay series

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