Periodic Table

Neptunium

Actinide

Quick Facts about Neptunium

U
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Radioactive- no stable isotopes exist
  • +6, +5, +4, +3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • ORC- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Pu

Neptunium (Np) is element 93 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Np: 237.0000 u. Np is in period 7. Melting point of Np: 912.00 K.Density of Np: 20.45 g/cm³.

Why Neptunium Matters

Neptunium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Neptunium-237 is used as a precursor for plutonium-238
  • No large-scale commercial applications exist

Industry Uses

SpaceSpacecraft power sources indirectly depend on neptunium
NuclearDetection devices for nuclear material may contain neptunium

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Accumulates in bones. No biological role in any organism.

Safety: Neptunium is radioactive and toxic. Both radioactivity and chemical toxicity are hazardous.

Discovery of Neptunium

Discovered by E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson in United States, 1940

Name origin: Named for the planet Neptune.

History & Events

1940
Named after Neptune, the planet beyond Uranus
1940
First transuranium element to be synthesized (1940)
1940
Discovered by Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson
1940
Found during uranium fission research at Berkeley

About Neptunium

Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.

Atomic Properties of Np

Atomic Number of Np
93
Atomic Mass of Np
237.0000 u
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
Electronegativity
1.36
Block
f-block
Group
Period
7

Physical Properties of Np

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Np
912.00 K
Boiling Point of Np
4447.00 K
Density of Np
20.4500 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
9.60 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol

Atomic Radii

Calculated
175 pm
Covalent
171 pm
Van der Waals
239 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Neptunium is purely synthetic and doesn't exist naturally.
Correct:Trace amounts form naturally from neutron capture in uranium ore deposits.
Wrong:Neptunium has no practical uses.
Correct:237Np is the primary source for producing 238Pu, used in spacecraft RTG power systems.
Wrong:The transuranium element naming pattern was planned from the start.
Correct:The U-Np-Pu pattern (Uranus-Neptune-Pluto) emerged naturally; Seaborg suggested 'neptunium' to continue the planetary theme.

Isotopes of Neptunium

Neptunium has 0 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 2 notable radioactive isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
23693Np (Np-236)Neptunium-236 isotope236.04657
23793Np (Np-237)Neptunium-237 isotope237.0481736

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Neptunium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Industrial Applications

237Np (with a half-life of 2.14×106 years) is fissionable, meaning that neptunium can be bombarded with neutrons and, as a result, create more neutrons that are free to interact with nearby material and can be used in fast neutron reactors or in nuclear weapons (Fig. IUPAC.93.1) [75], [603], [604]. 237Np is used in neutron detection instruments [75].

Uses

It has no significant commercial applications.

Sources

Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
synthetic

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