Periodic Table

Lanthanum

Lanthanide

Quick Facts about Lanthanum

Ba
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • HEX- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Ce

Lanthanum (La) is element 57 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of La: 138.9100 u. La is in period 6. Melting point of La: 1193.00 K.Density of La: 6.16 g/cm³.

Why Lanthanum Matters

Lanthanum in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Camera and telescope lenses use lanthanum glass for clarity
  • Lighters use lanthanum in the flint (mischmetal)

Industry Uses

MetallurgyHybrid car batteries use lanthanum-nickel alloys
ChemicalFluid cracking catalysts for petroleum refining contain lanthanum

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Lanthanum has no known biological role. Lanthanum carbonate is used to treat high phosphate levels in kidney patients. Lanthanum blocks calcium channels in research studies.

Safety: The metal is considered mildly toxic

Discovery of Lanthanum

Discovered by Carl Mosander in Sweden, 1839

Name origin: Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).

History & Events

1839
Named from Greek 'lanthanein' meaning to lie hidden
1839
Discovered by Carl Mosander in 1839
1839
Was hidden within what was thought to be cerium oxide
1839
First of the lanthanide series to be discovered

About Lanthanum

Silvery metallic element, first of the lanthanoids (named after it). 'Lanthanein' means 'to lie hidden'—it was hidden within cerium oxide for years. Two natural isotopes: La-139 (99.91%, stable) and La-138 (0.09%, half-life ~1011 years). Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.

Atomic Properties of La

Atomic Number of La
57
Atomic Mass of La
138.9100 u
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d1 6s2
Electronegativity
1.10
Block
f-block
Group
Period
6

Physical Properties of La

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of La
1193.00 K
Boiling Point of La
3737.00 K
Density of La
6.1620 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
8.50 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
402.00 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.20 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
195 pm
Covalent
180 pm
Van der Waals
243 pm
Metallic
169 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Lanthanum is extremely rare because it's a 'rare earth'.
Correct:At 39 ppm in Earth's crust, lanthanum is more abundant than lead, copper, or tin. 'Rare earth' refers to historical difficulty separating them, not scarcity.
Wrong:Lanthanum is definitely the first f-block element.
Correct:Debated! Some periodic tables place La in the d-block (group 3), starting the f-block at Ce. Its electron config is [Xe]5d16s2, not 4f1.
Wrong:All lanthanides are basically interchangeable.
Correct:Despite similar chemistry, each has unique properties. Lanthanum's lack of f-electrons makes it a useful baseline for studying the lanthanide contraction.

Isotopes of Lanthanum

Lanthanum has 2 naturally occurring isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
13857La (La-138)Lanthanum-138 isotope137.90711490.0888%
13957La (La-139)Lanthanum-139 isotope138.906356399.91%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Lanthanum have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

138La decays to 138Ce and 138Ba, respectively, by beta decay with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years and by electron capture with a half-life of 1.56×1011 years. The isotope-amount ratio n(138Ce)/n(142Ce) has been used for dating rocks on long time scales (billions of years) and as a chemical tracer in geochemistry [416]. The increase in radiogenic 138Ba in rocks enriched in rare earth elements, such as allanite, enables one to determine the age of such rocks (Fig. IUPAC.57.1) [417].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
39.0 mg/kg
Seawater
3.40×10-6 mg/L

Uses

Used in high-intensity carbon-arc lights, hybrid car batteries (NiMH), camera lenses (high refractive index), and fluid cracking catalysts for petroleum refining.

Sources

Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typically contains 25% lanthanum.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
litophile
Geochemical Class
rare earth & related

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