Periodic Table

Thulium

Lanthanide

Quick Facts about Thulium

Er
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • HEX- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Yb

Thulium (Tm) is element 69 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Tm: 168.9300 u. Tm is in period 6. Melting point of Tm: 1818.00 K.Density of Tm: 9.32 g/cm³.

Why Thulium Matters

Thulium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Unlikely—thulium is too rare and expensive for consumer products

Industry Uses

MedicalTm-170 portable X-ray sources for field radiography (no electricity needed)
SurgeryTm:YAG lasers at 2 µm—absorbed by water, ideal for cutting tissue with minimal thermal damage
DefenseEye-safe 2 µm lidar and rangefinders use thulium-doped fiber lasers

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Thulium has no known biological role. Thulium-170 is used in portable radiography. No biological function known.

Safety: Considered to have low toxicity

Discovery of Thulium

Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve in Sweden, 1879

Name origin: From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.

History & Events

1879
Named after Thule, a mythical northern land
1879
Discovered by Per Teodor Cleve in 1879
1879
Second least abundant lanthanide (after promethium)
1879
One of the later rare earths to be isolated

About Thulium

Rarest naturally occurring lanthanide (after radioactive Pm). Only one stable isotope: Tm-169. Tm-170 (t1/2 128 days) emits X-rays ideal for portable radiography. Tm-doped fiber lasers operate at 2 µm—'eye-safe' wavelength useful for surgery and lidar. Named for Thule, the mythical northern land. Discovered 1879 by Cleve.

Atomic Properties of Tm

Atomic Number of Tm
69
Atomic Mass of Tm
168.9300 u
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Electronegativity
1.25
Block
f-block
Group
Period
6

Physical Properties of Tm

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Tm
1818.00 K
Boiling Point of Tm
2223.00 K
Density of Tm
9.3200 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Vaporization
232.00 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.16 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
175 pm
Covalent
164 pm
Van der Waals
227 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Thulium has no practical uses due to its rarity.
Correct:Tm-170 X-ray sources enable portable radiography where electricity is unavailable. Tm:YAG lasers are increasingly used in urology and ophthalmology.
Wrong:Thule was a real place that scientists named thulium after.
Correct:Thule was a mythical land at the edge of the known world—ancient Greeks' name for the far north. Cleve chose it for its Scandinavian associations.
Wrong:2 µm lasers are less useful than visible or 1 µm lasers.
Correct:The 2 µm wavelength is 'eye-safe' (absorbed by cornea) and strongly absorbed by water, making Tm lasers ideal for surgery and safe outdoor lidar.

Isotopes of Thulium

Thulium has 1 naturally occurring isotope, plus 2 notable radioactive isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
16769Tm (Tm-167)Thulium-167 isotope166.932860%9.25 daysEC
16969Tm (Tm-169)Thulium-169 isotope168.9342179100.00%
17069Tm (Tm-170)Thulium-170 isotope169.935830%128.6 daysβ⁻/EC

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Thulium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Industrial Applications

170Tm (with a half-life of about 130 days) is used in the petrochemical industry for industrial radiography to test welds in pipes and tanks [486].

Medical Applications

167Tm (with a half-life of 9.2 days) is useful for tumor and bone studies [487]. Stable 169Tm can be bombarded in a nuclear reactor to create 170Tm, via the 169Tm (n, γ) 170Tm reaction, which emits X-rays and has been used in portable X-ray equipment as a radiation source [488]. 170Tm has been used in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy [489] and for use in radiosynovectomy of medium sized joints (Fig. IUPAC.69.1) [490].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
520.00 μg/kg
Seawater
1.70×10-7 mg/L

Uses

Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.

Sources

Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
litophile
Geochemical Class
rare earth & related

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