Periodic Table

Barium

Alkaline Earth Metal

Quick Facts about Barium

Cs
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +2- common oxidation states in compounds
  • BCC- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
La

Barium (Ba) is element 56 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Ba: 137.3300 u. Ba is in period 6, group 2. Melting point of Ba: 1000.00 K.Density of Ba: 3.51 g/cm³.

Why Barium Matters

The heavy metal that lights up your X-rays and fireworks

In Your Home

  • Green fireworks use barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) or barium chlorate
  • Old CRT TVs used barium oxide getters to maintain vacuum

Industry Uses

Medical imagingBarium sulfate 'milkshakes' coat the GI tract for X-ray contrast
Oil & GasBarite (BaSO4) weighs down drilling mud to control well pressure
Glass & CeramicsBarium oxide in specialty glass increases refractive index
PyrotechnicsBarium compounds produce bright green flames in fireworks and flares

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Not essential. Soluble barium salts block potassium channels, causing muscle paralysis.

Safety: Soluble barium compounds are highly toxic. Barium sulfate is safe for X-rays only because it's completely insoluble.

Discovery of Barium

Discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in England, 1808

Name origin: Greek: barys (heavy or dense).

History & Events

1808
Named from Greek 'barys' meaning heavy
1774
Discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774
1808
The mineral barite (barium sulfate) was known earlier
1808
Humphry Davy isolated pure barium in 1808

About Barium

Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy.

Atomic Properties of Ba

Atomic Number of Ba
56
Atomic Mass of Ba
137.3300 u
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2
Electronegativity
0.89
Block
s-block
Group
2
Period
6

Physical Properties of Ba

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Ba
1000.00 K
Boiling Point of Ba
2118.00 K
Density of Ba
3.5100 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
142.00 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.20 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
215 pm
Covalent
196 pm
Van der Waals
268 pm
Metallic
198 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Drinking barium for X-rays is dangerous.
Correct:Barium sulfate is completely insoluble—it passes through you unchanged. Soluble barium salts WOULD be deadly.
Wrong:All barium compounds are equally toxic.
Correct:Solubility is everything: BaSO4 (insoluble) is safe; BaCl2 or Ba(NO3)2 (soluble) can be lethal.
Wrong:Copper makes green fireworks.
Correct:Copper compounds make blue flames. Barium compounds (like barium chlorate) produce the bright green.

Isotopes of Barium

Barium has 7 naturally occurring isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
13056Ba (Ba-130)Barium-130 isotope129.90632070.1060%
13256Ba (Ba-132)Barium-132 isotope131.90506110.1010%
13456Ba (Ba-134)Barium-134 isotope133.90450822.417%
13556Ba (Ba-135)Barium-135 isotope134.90568846.592%
13656Ba (Ba-136)Barium-136 isotope135.90457577.854%
13756Ba (Ba-137)Barium-137 isotope136.905827111.23%
13856Ba (Ba-138)Barium-138 isotope137.90524771.70%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Barium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

Barium isotope ratios (particularly 138Ba/134Ba) are used in cosmochemistry to trace nucleosynthetic processes and study the origin of solar system materials in meteorites.

Industrial Applications

133Ba is used as a gamma-ray calibration source in nuclear medicine equipment and radiation detection instruments due to its convenient half-life (10.5 years) and well-defined gamma energies.

Abundance

Earth's Crust
425.0 mg/kg
Seawater
13.00 μg/kg

Uses

Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.

Sources

Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
litophile
Geochemical Class
alkaline earth metal

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