ChemWhiz ReferenceBonding

Average Bond Energies

Average bond energies (kJ/mol) and average bond lengths (Å) for single, double, and triple bonds. Estimate a reaction enthalpy from bond energies: ΔH ≈ Σ D(bonds broken) − Σ D(bonds formed).

01Use this when

Estimating ΔH°rxn = Σ (bonds broken) − Σ (bonds formed) when formation data is not handy.

02Conditions

Average values over many compounds, gas phase.

03Watch out

These are averages, so the estimate is approximate; formation enthalpies give a more exact answer.

Average Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Estimate a reaction enthalpy as ΔH ≈ Σ(bonds broken) − Σ(bonds formed) using these averaged values.

Average Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
H–HSingle4360.74
C–SSingle2601.81
F–ClSingle255
H–CSingle4151.09
C–ClSingle3301.77
F–BrSingle235
H–NSingle3901.04
C–BrSingle2751.94
Si–SiSingle2302.35
H–OSingle4640.96
C–ISingle2402.13
Si–PSingle215
H–FSingle5690.92
N–NSingle1601.45
Si–SSingle225
H–SiSingle3951.48
N=NDouble418
Si–ClSingle3592.03
H–PSingle3201.42
N≡NTriple9461.10
Si–BrSingle290
H–SSingle3401.34
N–OSingle200
Si–ISingle215
H–ClSingle4321.27
N–FSingle270
P–PSingle2152.21
H–BrSingle3701.41
N–PSingle210
P–SSingle230
H–ISingle295
N–ClSingle2001.75
P–ClSingle3302.03
C–CSingle3451.54
N–BrSingle245
P–BrSingle270
C=CDouble6111.33
O–OSingle1401.48
P–ISingle215
C≡CTriple8371.20
O=ODouble4981.21
S–SSingle2152.05
C–NSingle2901.47
O–FSingle160
S–ClSingle2502.07
C=NDouble6151.38
O–SiSingle3701.66
S–BrSingle215
C≡NTriple8911.16
O–PSingle3501.63
Cl–ClSingle2431.99
C–OSingle3501.43
O–ClSingle205
Cl–BrSingle220
C=ODouble7411.20
O–ISingle200
Cl–ISingle210
C≡OTriple10801.13
F–FSingle1601.42
Br–BrSingle1902.29
C–FSingle4391.35
F–SiSingle5401.56
Br–ISingle180
C–SiSingle3601.86
F–PSingle4891.57
I–ISingle1502.66
C–PSingle2651.87
F–SSingle2851.56

Important Notes

  • These are AVERAGE values over many compounds, so bond-energy estimates of ΔH are approximations; enthalpies of formation give more accurate values when available.
  • ΔH ≈ Σ D(bonds broken) − Σ D(bonds formed). Breaking bonds costs energy (positive); forming bonds releases it.
  • For the same pair of atoms, more bonds = stronger and shorter: C–C 345 kJ/mol (1.54 Å) → C=C 611 (1.33 Å) → C≡C 837 (1.20 Å).
  • Bond lengths (Å) are average values; a dash means the length source does not tabulate that bond (mostly interhalogen pairs and some Si/N/P/O combinations).
  • This table is a general reference; averaged bond energies vary somewhat from one compound to another.

Verification references: OpenStax Chemistry 2e, §7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Tables 7.2 and 7.3); CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2007, and Olmsted & Williams, Chemistry, 5th ed. (2011), via Chempendix.