Periodic Table

Carbon

Nonmetal

Quick Facts about Carbon

B
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +4, +2, -4- common oxidation states in compounds
  • DIA- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
N

Carbon (C) is element 6 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of C: 12.0110 u. C is in period 2, group 14. Melting point of C: 3823.00 K.Density of C: 2.27 g/cm³.

Why Carbon Matters

The backbone of all life on Earth—you are literally made of carbon

In Your Home

  • Every food you eat contains carbon compounds
  • Plastics, clothing fibers, and furniture
  • Charcoal for grilling, graphite in pencils
  • Diamonds in jewelry, carbon fiber in sports equipment

Industry Uses

EnergyCoal, oil, and natural gas are carbon-based fuels
MaterialsCarbon fiber composites in aircraft, cars, and bicycles
ElectronicsGraphene and carbon nanotubes for next-gen devices
FiltrationActivated carbon purifies water and air

In Your Body

✓ Essential for life

The foundation of organic chemistry—all known life is carbon-based. Makes up 18% of human body mass. Forms the backbone of DNA, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Safety: Elemental carbon (graphite, diamond) is non-toxic. Carbon monoxide (CO) is deadly. CO2 at high levels causes suffocation.

Discovery of Carbon

Discovered by Known to the ancients,

Name origin: Latin: carbo, (charcoal).

History & Events

3750 BCE
Ancient Use
Egyptians and Sumerians used charcoal to reduce copper and tin ores to make bronze
1796
Element Recognized
Smithson Tennant proved diamond and graphite are both pure carbon
1985
Buckminsterfullerene
Discovery of C60 'buckyball' opened the field of nanotechnology
2004
Graphene Isolated
Geim and Novoselov isolated graphene using scotch tape, winning 2010 Nobel Prize

About Carbon

Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.

Atomic Properties of C

Atomic Number of C
6
Atomic Mass of C
12.0110 u
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2 2p2
Electronegativity
2.55
Block
p-block
Group
14
Period
2

Physical Properties of C

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of C
3823.00 K
Boiling Point of C
4098.00 K
Density of C
2.2670 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.71 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
8.52 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
1.59 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
70 pm
Covalent
75 pm
Van der Waals
170 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Diamonds are forever and indestructible.
Correct:Diamonds burn at 850°C in air. They're hard (scratch-resistant) but brittle and can shatter.
Wrong:Carbon dating works on dinosaur fossils.
Correct:Carbon-14 dating only works up to ~50,000 years. Dinosaur fossils (65+ million years) use other isotope methods.
Wrong:Carbon dioxide is a pollutant.
Correct:CO2 is natural and essential for photosynthesis. The problem is excess CO2 from fossil fuels causing climate change.

Allotropes of Carbon

Carbon exists in 6 different structural forms (allotropes), each with unique properties.

Diamond

Transparent crystal, hardest natural material

Structure:Tetrahedral sp3 bonding, face-centered cubic
Properties:10 Mohs hardness, excellent thermal conductor, electrical insulator
Uses:Jewelry, cutting tools, abrasives, heat sinks

Graphite

Soft, black, slippery layered material

Structure:Hexagonal layers with sp2 bonding, weak van der Waals between layers
Properties:1-2 Mohs hardness, excellent lubricant, conducts electricity along layers
Uses:Pencils, lubricants, electrodes, nuclear reactor moderators

Graphene

Single layer of graphite - one atom thick

Structure:2D hexagonal lattice of sp2 carbon
Properties:Strongest material known (tensile strength 130 GPa), flexible, transparent, highly conductive
Uses:Electronics, composites, sensors, energy storage

Fullerenes (Buckyballs)

Spherical cage molecules, C60 most common

Structure:Hollow sphere of 60+ carbon atoms with pentagons and hexagons
Properties:Stable molecules, can trap atoms inside
Uses:Drug delivery, superconductors, lubricants

Carbon Nanotubes

Cylindrical rolled graphene sheets

Structure:Single-wall (SWNT) or multi-wall (MWNT) tubes
Properties:Extremely strong, excellent conductors, high aspect ratio
Uses:Composites, electronics, energy storage, sensors

Amorphous Carbon

Non-crystalline carbon (charcoal, soot, carbon black)

Structure:Disordered mix of sp2 and sp3 bonding
Properties:Variable properties depending on preparation
Uses:Inks, tires, filters, electrodes

Isotopes of Carbon

Carbon has 2 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
126C (C-12)Carbon-12 isotope1298.93%
136C (C-13)Carbon-13 isotope13.003354841.070%
146C (C-14)Carbon-14 isotope14.003241990%5,730 yearsβ⁻

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Carbon have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

Radioactive 14C is the basis for the radiocarbon dating method to determine the ages of carbon-bearing materials. 14C is formed naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic-ray interactions and was also released by above-ground, nuclear weapons testing (Fig. IUPAC.6.1). Atmospheric 14C is incorporated into plants, animals, soils, groundwater, and ocean water, and it decays with a half-life of ~5700 years. This makes it useful for dating objects, such as archaeological remains and water masses in oceans and aquifers, on time scales ranging from hundreds of years to tens of thousands of years [15]. Plants and animals living since the 1950s can be identified by bomb-peak 14C in their cells.

Medical Applications

14C is used to create isotopically labeled drugs to study their uptake and metabolism in humans [75], [76], [77]. 13C is used in breath tests to detect Helicobacter pylori bacteria (bacteria in the stomach linked to ulcers), which can cause cancers [78].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
200.0 mg/kg
Seawater
28.0 mg/L

Uses

For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.

Sources

Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
atmophile
Geochemical Class
semi-volatile

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