Atomic Properties of C
- Atomic Number of C
- 6
- Atomic Mass of C
- 12.0110 u
- Electron Configuration
- [He] 2s2 2p2
- Electronegativity
- 2.55
- Block
- p-block
- Group
- 14
- Period
- 2
Carbon (C) is element 6 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of C: 12.0110 u. C is in period 2, group 14. Melting point of C: 3823.00 K.Density of C: 2.27 g/cm³.
The backbone of all life on Earth—you are literally made of carbon
The foundation of organic chemistry—all known life is carbon-based. Makes up 18% of human body mass. Forms the backbone of DNA, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Discovered by Known to the ancients,
Name origin: Latin: carbo, (charcoal).
Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
Carbon exists in 6 different structural forms (allotropes), each with unique properties.
Transparent crystal, hardest natural material
Soft, black, slippery layered material
Single layer of graphite - one atom thick
Spherical cage molecules, C60 most common
Cylindrical rolled graphene sheets
Non-crystalline carbon (charcoal, soot, carbon black)
Carbon has 2 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.
| Isotope | Atomic Mass (u) | Abundance | Half-Life | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 126C (C-12)Carbon-12 isotope | 12 | 98.93% | — | — |
| 136C (C-13)Carbon-13 isotope | 13.00335484 | 1.070% | — | — |
| 146C (C-14)Carbon-14 isotope | 14.00324199 | 0% | 5,730 years | β⁻ |
Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)
Isotopes of Carbon have important real-world applications in science and industry.
Radioactive 14C is the basis for the radiocarbon dating method to determine the ages of carbon-bearing materials. 14C is formed naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic-ray interactions and was also released by above-ground, nuclear weapons testing (Fig. IUPAC.6.1). Atmospheric 14C is incorporated into plants, animals, soils, groundwater, and ocean water, and it decays with a half-life of ~5700 years. This makes it useful for dating objects, such as archaeological remains and water masses in oceans and aquifers, on time scales ranging from hundreds of years to tens of thousands of years [15]. Plants and animals living since the 1950s can be identified by bomb-peak 14C in their cells.
14C is used to create isotopically labeled drugs to study their uptake and metabolism in humans [75], [76], [77]. 13C is used in breath tests to detect Helicobacter pylori bacteria (bacteria in the stomach linked to ulcers), which can cause cancers [78].
For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.
Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.
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