Atomic Properties of S
- Atomic Number of S
- 16
- Atomic Mass of S
- 32.0600 u
- Electron Configuration
- [Ne] 3s2 3p4
- Electronegativity
- 2.58
- Block
- p-block
- Group
- 16
- Period
- 3
Sulfur (S) is element 16 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of S: 32.0600 u. S is in period 3, group 16. Melting point of S: 388.36 K.Density of S: 2.07 g/cm³.
The element that smells like rotten eggs and makes rubber bounce
Essential in amino acids (cysteine, methionine), vitamins (biotin, thiamine), and proteins. Disulfide bonds give hair and skin their structure.
Discovered by Known to the ancients.,
Name origin: Latin: sulphur (brimstone).
Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
Sulfur exists in 4 different structural forms (allotropes), each with unique properties.
Most stable form at room temperature, yellow crystals
Needle-like yellow crystals
Rubber-like form made by quenching molten sulfur
S6, S7, S9, S10, S11, S12, S18, S20 rings
Sulfur has 4 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.
| Isotope | Atomic Mass (u) | Abundance | Half-Life | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3216S (S-32)Sulfur-32 isotope | 31.97207117 | 94.99% | — | — |
| 3316S (S-33)Sulfur-33 isotope | 32.97145891 | 0.7500% | — | — |
| 3416S (S-34)Sulfur-34 isotope | 33.967867 | 4.250% | — | — |
| 3516S (S-35)Sulfur-35 isotope | 34.96903231 | 0% | 87.37 days | β⁻ |
| 3616S (S-36)Sulfur-36 isotope | 35.96708071 | 0.0100% | — | — |
Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)
Isotopes of Sulfur have important real-world applications in science and industry.
35S has a half-life of 87 days, which is an ideal duration for use as a conservative tracer in atmospheric processes. 35SO2 gas is produced as a natural product of argon exposure to cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Because 35SO2 gas is present in the atmosphere and then precipitates and falls as moisture in the form of 35SO42-, 35S can act as a tracer to study air mass transport dynamics and atmospheric oxidation capacity [147]. Analyses of 35S in lake water and precipitation can also be used as a tracer to monitor contributions of sulfur that originated in precipitation to surface waters. If a water tests positive for the isotope 35S, it provides evidence that the water had been affected by recent (<~1 year) precipitation [148], [149], [150]. 35S is used in direct labeling of elemental sulfur or sulfate sources to trace the fate of sulfur in fertilizers [142].
Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.
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