Periodic Table

Indium

Post Transition Metal

Quick Facts about Indium

Cd
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • TET- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Sn

Indium (In) is element 49 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of In: 114.8200 u. In is in period 5, group 13. Melting point of In: 429.75 K.Density of In: 7.31 g/cm³.

Why Indium Matters

Indium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Touchscreens use indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conductor
  • Low-melting solders contain indium for electronics
  • LCD screens rely on indium compounds

Industry Uses

NuclearNuclear reactor control rods use indium alloys

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Indium has no known biological role. Workers in ITO industries may develop 'indium lung'.

Safety: The metal is considered relatively non-toxic Indium compounds can cause lung damage if inhaled

Discovery of Indium

Discovered by Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter in Germany, 1863

Name origin: Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.

History & Events

1863
Named for the indigo spectral line used to identify it
1863
Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter in Germany
1863
Was relatively unused until the electronics age
1863
Now considered a critical technology metal

About Indium

Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter.

Atomic Properties of In

Atomic Number of In
49
Atomic Mass of In
114.8200 u
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Electronegativity
1.78
Block
p-block
Group
13
Period
5

Physical Properties of In

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of In
429.75 K
Boiling Point of In
2345.00 K
Density of In
7.3100 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
3.24 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
225.10 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.23 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
155 pm
Covalent
142 pm
Van der Waals
193 pm
Metallic
142 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Indium is named after India.
Correct:Named for the indigo-blue spectral line used to identify it—nothing to do with the country.
Wrong:Indium is a rare element.
Correct:Indium is as abundant as silver in Earth's crust, but rarely forms concentrated deposits. It's extracted as a byproduct of zinc mining.
Wrong:There's no alternative to indium for touchscreens.
Correct:ITO (indium tin oxide) dominates, but carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silver nanowires are being developed as alternatives due to supply concerns.

Isotopes of Indium

Indium has 2 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
11149In (In-111)Indium-111 isotope110.9051080%2.8 daysEC
11349In (In-113)Indium-113 isotope112.90406184.290%
11549In (In-115)Indium-115 isotope114.903878895.71%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Indium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Medical Applications

111In (with a half-life of 2.8 days) is used in indium leukocyte imaging (Fig. IUPAC.49.1), in which white blood cells that are abundant at sites of infection are labeled with 111In to help locate the source of the infection [361], [362], [363].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
250.00 μg/kg
Seawater
20.00 μg/kg

Uses

Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.

Sources

Found in certain zinc ores.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
chalcophile

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