Periodic Table

Selenium

Nonmetal

Quick Facts about Selenium

As
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +6, +4, -2- common oxidation states in compounds
  • HEX- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Br

Selenium (Se) is element 34 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Se: 78.9710 u. Se is in period 4, group 16. Melting point of Se: 494.00 K.Density of Se: 4.81 g/cm³.

Why Selenium Matters

Selenium in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Anti-dandruff shampoos contain selenium sulfide
  • Solar panels use thin-film selenium technology
  • Red glass and ceramics are colored with selenium

Industry Uses

IndustryPhotocopiers and laser printers use selenium drums

In Your Body

✓ Essential for life

Selenium is essential for humans in trace amounts Brazil nuts are extremely high in selenium Both deficiency and excess selenium cause health problems

Safety: Selenoproteins protect against oxidative damage

Discovery of Selenium

Discovered by Jöns Berzelius in Sweden, 1818

Name origin: Greek: selênê (moon).

History & Events

1817
Named after Selene, Greek goddess of the Moon
1817
Discovered by Berzelius in 1817 in sulfuric acid residue
1957
First recognized as essential to human nutrition in 1957
1817
Caused livestock poisoning in American prairies historically

About Selenium

Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.

Atomic Properties of Se

Atomic Number of Se
34
Atomic Mass of Se
78.9710 u
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Electronegativity
2.55
Block
p-block
Group
16
Period
4

Physical Properties of Se

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Se
494.00 K
Boiling Point of Se
958.00 K
Density of Se
4.8100 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
5.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
59.70 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.32 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
0.52 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
115 pm
Covalent
116 pm
Van der Waals
190 pm
Metallic
117 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:More selenium is better.
Correct:Excess causes selenosis (hair loss, nail brittleness)
Wrong:Selenium supplements prevent cancer.
Correct:Large clinical trials (SELECT study) found no cancer prevention benefit. In men with adequate selenium, supplements may actually increase prostate cancer risk.
Wrong:Selenium is a metal.
Correct:It's a nonmetal similar to sulfur

Allotropes of Selenium

Selenium exists in 3 different structural forms (allotropes), each with unique properties.

Gray Selenium

Most stable form, metallic gray crystals

Structure:Helical chains of selenium atoms
Properties:Semiconductor, photoconductor (conducts better in light)
Uses:Photocopiers (historical), solar cells, electronics

Red Selenium

Crystalline red form

Structure:Se8 rings similar to sulfur
Properties:Less stable than gray form

Black Selenium

Amorphous glassy form

Structure:Disordered chains and rings
Properties:Formed by rapid cooling of molten selenium

Isotopes of Selenium

Selenium has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
7434Se (Se-74)Selenium-74 isotope73.922475930.8900%
7534Se (Se-75)Selenium-75 isotope74.92252340%119.8 daysEC
7634Se (Se-76)Selenium-76 isotope75.91921379.370%
7734Se (Se-77)Selenium-77 isotope76.919914157.630%
7834Se (Se-78)Selenium-78 isotope77.9173092823.77%
8034Se (Se-80)Selenium-80 isotope79.916521849.61%
8234Se (Se-82)Selenium-82 isotope81.91669958.730%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Selenium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Industrial Applications

75Se (with a half-life of 120 days) is used for X-ray radiography of welds to visualize welds and ensure that each weld is appropriate for its purpose [274].

Medical Applications

75Se-selenomethionine (organic compound that combines to form proteins, found in Brazil nuts and soybeans) has been used to study the production of digestive enzymes (biological catalysts that accelerates chemical reactions) [275]. Selenium stable isotopes are used in metabolic studies to monitor selenium intake and output [276], [277].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
50.00 μg/kg
Seawater
2.00×10-4 mg/L

Uses

Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.

Sources

Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
chalcophile
Geochemical Class
semi-volatile

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