Periodic Table

Arsenic

Metalloid

Quick Facts about Arsenic

Ge
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +5, +3, -3- common oxidation states in compounds
  • RHL- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Se

Arsenic (As) is element 33 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of As: 74.9220 u. As is in period 4, group 15. Melting point of As: 1090.00 K.Density of As: 5.73 g/cm³.

Why Arsenic Matters

Arsenic in everyday life and industry

In Your Home

  • Pressure-treated lumber used arsenic compounds until 2003
  • Gallium arsenide semiconductors are essential for electronics
  • Some traditional medicines still contain arsenic (controversially)

Industry Uses

Arsenic isArsenic is used in some LED and laser technologies

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Some organisms have evolved arsenic tolerance Arsenic contamination in groundwater affects millions worldwide, especially in Bangladesh

Safety: Arsenic is highly toxic to most life forms Chronic low-dose exposure causes cancers and other diseases

Discovery of Arsenic

Discovered by Known to the ancients.,

Name origin: Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).

History & Events

Ancient
Name from Greek 'arsenikon' meaning 'potent'
Ancient
Called 'inheritance powder' for its history in poisonings
Ancient
Napoleon may have died from arsenic exposure (wallpaper theory)
400
Used medicinally for over 2,400 years despite toxicity

About Arsenic

Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.

Atomic Properties of As

Atomic Number of As
33
Atomic Mass of As
74.9220 u
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Electronegativity
2.18
Block
p-block
Group
15
Period
4

Physical Properties of As

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of As
1090.00 K
Boiling Point of As
887.00 K
Density of As
5.7270 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Vaporization
32.40 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.33 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
24.64 J/mol·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
115 pm
Covalent
121 pm
Van der Waals
185 pm
Metallic
121 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Arsenic is always a poison.
Correct:Gallium arsenide is safely used in electronics
Wrong:Rice contains dangerous levels of arsenic.
Correct:Rice absorbs more arsenic than other grains, but normal consumption is safe. Rinsing rice and cooking in excess water reduces arsenic by up to 50%.
Wrong:Not all old wallpapers contained dangerous arsenic.
Correct:Only certain green ones

Allotropes of Arsenic

Arsenic exists in 3 different structural forms (allotropes), each with unique properties.

Gray Arsenic (α-As)

Most common and stable form, metallic appearance

Structure:Rhombohedral layers similar to graphite
Properties:Brittle, conducts electricity, sublimes at 615°C

Yellow Arsenic (As4)

Soft, waxy, unstable form

Structure:Tetrahedral As4 molecules (like white phosphorus)
Properties:Metastable, converts to gray form on light exposure

Black Arsenic

Amorphous form

Structure:Disordered structure
Properties:Formed by rapid cooling of arsenic vapor

Isotopes of Arsenic

Arsenic has 1 naturally occurring isotope, plus 2 notable radioactive isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
7233As (As-72)Arsenic-72 isotope71.9267520%26 hoursβ⁺, EC
7433As (As-74)Arsenic-74 isotope73.92392860%17.8 daysβ⁺, EC, β⁻
7533As (As-75)Arsenic-75 isotope74.92159457100.00%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Arsenic have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Medical Applications

72As (with a half-life of 26 h) and 74As are useful in molecular imaging because they are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons that can be designed to bind to monoclonal antibodies (moAb), which accumulate in tumors and then 72As- or 74As-labeled ligands will bind to the moAbs. Once the 72As- or 74As-labeled ligand binds to the moAb, positron emission tomography (PET) is used to visualize the exact location of the tumor [272]. A specific example of using radiolabeled antibodies for better imaging of tumors is the combination of 74As with bavituximab, which is an antibody that binds strongly to unique lipids on the surface of tumors. When a thiol group is introduced to bavituximab, arsenic is able to bind covalently, creating a simple and elegant radio-label for targeting cancerous tumors [269].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
1.8 mg/kg
Seawater
3.70 μg/kg

Uses

Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.

Sources

Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
chalcophile
Geochemical Class
semi-volatile

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