Periodic Table

Sodium

Alkali Metal

Quick Facts about Sodium

Ne
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +1- common oxidation states in compounds
  • BCC- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
Mg

Sodium (Na) is element 11 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Na: 22.9900 u. Na is in period 3, group 1. Melting point of Na: 370.94 K.Density of Na: 0.97 g/cm³.

Why Sodium Matters

The element that makes food taste good and keeps your heart beating

In Your Home

  • Table salt (sodium chloride)
  • Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
  • Soap and detergents
  • Yellow street lights (sodium vapor)

Industry Uses

FoodSalt preserves food and enhances flavor worldwide
ChemicalSodium hydroxide (lye) makes soap, paper, and textiles
NuclearLiquid sodium cools some nuclear reactors
PharmaSodium compounds in countless medications

In Your Body

✓ Essential for life

Critical for nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Your body contains about 100g of sodium. Works with potassium to create electrical signals.

Safety: Excess sodium causes high blood pressure and heart disease. Pure sodium metal reacts violently with water and burns skin.

Discovery of Sodium

Discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in England, 1807

Name origin: Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).

History & Events

6050 BCE
Salt Trade Begins
Salt production began in Romania. Salt was so valuable Roman soldiers were paid with it ('salary')
1807
Isolated by Davy
Humphry Davy isolated sodium using electrolysis, discovering this highly reactive metal
1930
Gandhi's Salt March
Gandhi led protest against British salt tax, a pivotal moment in Indian independence

Why "Na" for Sodium?

NaNatrium(Latin)

The symbol Na comes from "Natrium," the Latin name derived from the Greek "nítron" (sodium carbonate). The English name "Sodium" comes from "soda," referring to sodium compounds used since ancient times.

About Sodium

Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.

Atomic Properties of Na

Atomic Number of Na
11
Atomic Mass of Na
22.9900 u
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
Electronegativity
0.93
Block
s-block
Group
1
Period
3

Physical Properties of Na

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Na
370.94 K
Boiling Point of Na
1156.09 K
Density of Na
0.9680 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
2.64 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
97.90 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
1.23 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
180 pm
Covalent
155 pm
Van der Waals
227 pm
Metallic
157 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Sea salt is healthier than table salt.
Correct:Chemically almost identical. Sea salt has trace minerals but not enough to matter nutritionally.
Wrong:Sodium and salt are the same.
Correct:Salt (NaCl) is 40% sodium, 60% chlorine by mass. Nutrition labels show sodium, not salt content.
Wrong:Athletes need sports drinks for sodium.
Correct:Most people get plenty of sodium from food. Sports drinks help mainly during extended intense exercise (2+ hours).

Isotopes of Sodium

Sodium has 1 naturally occurring isotope, plus 1 notable radioactive isotope.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
2211Na (Na-22)Sodium-22 isotope21.99443640%2.6 yearsβ⁺, EC
2311Na (Na-23)Sodium-23 isotope22.98976928100.00%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Sodium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

22Na is a cosmogenic isotope with a half-life of 2.6 years that has been used to study the residence time of water in freshwater basins. It has been used for dating of young (up to a few decades old) surface water and groundwater (Fig. IUPAC.11.1) [111].

Medical Applications

22Na is used as a source to calibrate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging scanners to check that the instruments are functioning properly [112].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
23.6 g/kg
Seawater
10.8 g/kg

Uses

There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.

Sources

Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
litophile
Geochemical Class
major

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