Periodic Table

Tellurium

Metalloid

Quick Facts about Tellurium

Sb
  • solid- state of matter at room temperature
  • Stable- has at least one stable isotope
  • +6, +4, -2- common oxidation states in compounds
  • HEX- crystal structure, atomic arrangement in solid form
I

Tellurium (Te) is element 52 on the periodic table. Atomic mass of Te: 127.6000 u. Te is in period 5, group 16. Melting point of Te: 722.66 K.Density of Te: 6.24 g/cm³.

Why Tellurium Matters

The rare metalloid that gives you garlic breath for weeks

In Your Home

  • Thermoelectric coolers (mini-fridges, CPU coolers) use bismuth telluride
  • Blu-ray and rewritable DVDs use tellurium alloys in recording layers

Industry Uses

SolarCadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cells—second most common type after silicon
ElectronicsPhase-change memory and thermoelectric devices
MetallurgyAdded to steel and copper to improve machinability
RubberVulcanization accelerator for tire manufacturing

In Your Body

✗ Not essential

Tellurium has no known biological role. Tellurium compounds cause garlic breath that lasts for weeks.

Safety: The element is toxic but less so than selenium. Even tiny exposures cause the distinctive garlic odor.

Discovery of Tellurium

Discovered by Franz Müller von Reichenstein in Romania, 1782

Name origin: Latin: tellus (earth).

History & Events

1782
Named after 'Tellus,' the Latin name for Earth
1782
Discovered in 1782 in Transylvanian gold ore
1782
One of the first elements with an interesting etymology story
1782
Often found with gold in nature

About Tellurium

Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to Sulphur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.

Atomic Properties of Te

Atomic Number of Te
52
Atomic Mass of Te
127.6000 u
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
Electronegativity
2.10
Block
p-block
Group
16
Period
5

Physical Properties of Te

Phase (STP)
solid
Melting Point of Te
722.66 K
Boiling Point of Te
1261.00 K
Density of Te
6.2400 g/cm3

Thermal Properties

Heat of Fusion
17.91 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
49.80 kJ/mol
Specific Heat
0.20 J/g·K
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
Thermal Conductivity
14.30 W/m·K

Atomic Radii

Calculated
140 pm
Covalent
136 pm
Van der Waals
206 pm
Metallic
137 pm

Common Misconceptions

Wrong:Tellurium is related to television.
Correct:Both come from Latin roots but are unrelated. Tellurium is from 'Tellus' (Earth); television is 'tele' (far) + 'vision' (seeing).
Wrong:You have to ingest tellurium to get garlic breath.
Correct:Even touching tellurium compounds causes 'tellurium breath'—a garlic/metallic odor that can last weeks. The body converts it to dimethyl telluride.
Wrong:Tellurium is extremely rare.
Correct:It's actually more abundant than gold or platinum in Earth's crust, but rarely concentrated in ore deposits.

Isotopes of Tellurium

Tellurium has 8 naturally occurring isotopes.

IsotopeAtomic Mass (u)AbundanceHalf-LifeDecay Mode
12052Te (Te-120)Tellurium-120 isotope119.90405930.0900%
12252Te (Te-122)Tellurium-122 isotope121.90304352.550%
12352Te (Te-123)Tellurium-123 isotope122.90426980.8900%
12452Te (Te-124)Tellurium-124 isotope123.90281714.740%
12552Te (Te-125)Tellurium-125 isotope124.90442997.070%
12652Te (Te-126)Tellurium-126 isotope125.903310918.84%
12852Te (Te-128)Tellurium-128 isotope127.904461331.74%
13052Te (Te-130)Tellurium-130 isotope129.906222734.08%

Data source: NIH PubChem (aggregated from IUPAC, NIST)

Isotope Applications

Isotopes of Tellurium have important real-world applications in science and industry.

Geochronology & Dating

The double beta decay of 130Te (with a half-life of 7×1020 years) has been used for the determination of gas-retention ages of tellurium minerals [382].

Abundance

Earth's Crust
1.00 μg/kg

Uses

Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.

Sources

Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.

Geochemistry

Goldschmidt
chalcophile
Geochemical Class
semi-volatile

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