Standard Thermodynamic Properties (ΔH°f, ΔG°f, S°)
Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f), standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔG°f), and absolute standard entropy (S°) for 360 substances at 298.15 K. Use these values with Hess's law (ΔH°rxn = Σ n·ΔH°f products − Σ n·ΔH°f reactants) and with ΔG°rxn = ΔH°rxn − T·ΔS°rxn for spontaneity. Pure elements in their standard reference state have ΔH°f = ΔG°f = 0 by definition.
| Substance | Formula | Phase | Form | ΔH°f (kJ/mol) | ΔG°f (kJ/mol) | S° (J/mol·K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al(s) | Al | s | — | 0 | 0 | 28.3 |
| Al(g) | Al | g | — | 324.4 | 285.7 | 164.54 |
| Al3+(aq) | Al3+ | aq | — | -531 | -485 | -321.7 |
| Al2O3(s) | Al2O3 | s | — | -1676 | -1582 | 50.92 |
| AlF3(s) | AlF3 | s | — | -1510.4 | -1425 | 66.5 |
| AlCl3(s) | AlCl3 | s | — | -704.2 | -628.8 | 110.67 |
| AlCl3·6H2O(s) | AlCl3·6H2O | s | — | -2691.57 | -2269.4 | 376.56 |
| Al2S3(s) | Al2S3 | s | — | -724 | -492.4 | 116.9 |
| Al2(SO4)3(s) | Al2(SO4)3 | s | — | -3445.06 | -3506.61 | 239.32 |
| Sb(s) | Sb | s | — | 0 | 0 | 45.69 |
| Sb(g) | Sb | g | — | 262.34 | 222.17 | 180.16 |
| Sb4O6(s) | Sb4O6 | s | — | -1440.55 | -1268.17 | 220.92 |
| SbCl3(g) | SbCl3 | g | — | -313.8 | -301.2 | 337.8 |
| SbCl5(g) | SbCl5 | g | — | -394.34 | -334.29 | 401.94 |
| Sb2S3(s) | Sb2S3 | s | — | -174.89 | -173.64 | 182 |
| SbCl3(s) | SbCl3 | s | — | -382.17 | -323.72 | 184.1 |
| SbOCl(s) | SbOCl | s | — | -374 | — | — |
| As(s) | As | s | — | 0 | 0 | 35.1 |
| As(g) | As | g | — | 302.5 | 261 | 174.21 |
| As4(g) | As4 | g | — | 143.9 | 92.4 | 314 |
| As4O6(s) | As4O6 | s | — | -1313.94 | -1152.52 | 214.22 |
| As2O5(s) | As2O5 | s | — | -924.87 | -782.41 | 105.44 |
| AsCl3(g) | AsCl3 | g | — | -261.5 | -248.95 | 327.06 |
| As2S3(s) | As2S3 | s | — | -169.03 | -168.62 | 163.59 |
| AsH3(g) | AsH3 | g | — | 66.44 | 68.93 | 222.78 |
| H3AsO4(s) | H3AsO4 | s | — | -906.3 | — | — |
| Ba(s) | Ba | s | — | 0 | 0 | 62.5 |
| Ba(g) | Ba | g | — | 180 | 146 | 170.24 |
| Ba2+(aq) | Ba2+ | aq | — | -537.6 | -560.8 | 9.6 |
| BaO(s) | BaO | s | — | -548 | -520.3 | 72.1 |
| BaCl2(s) | BaCl2 | s | — | -855 | -806.7 | 123.7 |
| BaSO4(s) | BaSO4 | s | — | -1473.2 | -1362.3 | 132.2 |
| Be(s) | Be | s | — | 0 | 0 | 9.5 |
| Be(g) | Be | g | — | 324.3 | 286.6 | 136.27 |
| BeO(s) | BeO | s | — | -609.4 | -580.1 | 13.8 |
| Bi(s) | Bi | s | — | 0 | 0 | 56.74 |
| Bi(g) | Bi | g | — | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187 |
| Bi2O3(s) | Bi2O3 | s | — | -573.88 | -493.7 | 151.5 |
| BiCl3(s) | BiCl3 | s | — | -379.07 | -315.06 | 176.98 |
| Bi2S3(s) | Bi2S3 | s | — | -143.1 | -140.6 | 200.4 |
| B(s) | B | s | — | 0 | 0 | 5.86 |
| B(g) | B | g | — | 565 | 521 | 153.4 |
| B2O3(s) | B2O3 | s | — | -1273.5 | -1194.3 | 53.97 |
| B2H6(g) | B2H6 | g | — | 36.4 | 87.6 | 232.1 |
| H3BO3(s) | H3BO3 | s | — | -1094.33 | -968.92 | 88.83 |
| BF3(g) | BF3 | g | — | -1136 | -1119.4 | 254.4 |
| BCl3(g) | BCl3 | g | — | -403.8 | -388.7 | 290.1 |
| B3N3H6(l) | B3N3H6 | l | — | -540.99 | -392.79 | 199.58 |
| HBO2(s) | HBO2 | s | — | -794.25 | -723.41 | 37.66 |
| Br2(l) | Br2 | l | — | 0 | 0 | 152.23 |
| Br2(g) | Br2 | g | — | 30.91 | 3.142 | 245.5 |
| Br(g) | Br | g | — | 111.88 | 82.429 | 175 |
| Br-(aq) | Br- | aq | — | -120.9 | -102.82 | 80.71 |
| BrF3(g) | BrF3 | g | — | -255.6 | -229.45 | 292.42 |
| HBr(g) | HBr | g | — | -36.3 | -53.43 | 198.7 |
| Cd(s) | Cd | s | — | 0 | 0 | 51.76 |
| Cd(g) | Cd | g | — | 112.01 | 77.41 | 167.75 |
| Cd2+(aq) | Cd2+ | aq | — | -75.9 | -77.61 | -73.2 |
| CdO(s) | CdO | s | — | -258.2 | -228.4 | 54.8 |
| CdCl2(s) | CdCl2 | s | — | -391.5 | -343.9 | 115.3 |
| CdSO4(s) | CdSO4 | s | — | -933.3 | -822.7 | 123 |
| CdS(s) | CdS | s | — | -161.9 | -156.5 | 64.9 |
| Ca(s) | Ca | s | — | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
| Ca(g) | Ca | g | — | 178.2 | 144.3 | 154.88 |
| Ca2+(aq) | Ca2+ | aq | — | -542.96 | -553.04 | -55.2 |
| CaO(s) | CaO | s | — | -634.9 | -603.3 | 38.1 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | Ca(OH)2 | s | — | -985.2 | -897.5 | 83.4 |
| CaSO4(s) | CaSO4 | s | — | -1434.5 | -1322 | 106.5 |
| CaSO4·2H2O(s) | CaSO4·2H2O | s | — | -2022.63 | -1797.45 | 194.14 |
| CaCO3(s) (calcite) | CaCO3 | s | calcite | -1220 | -1081.4 | 110 |
| CaSO3·H2O(s) | CaSO3·H2O | s | — | -1752.68 | -1555.19 | 184.1 |
| C(s) (graphite) | C | s | graphite | 0 | 0 | 5.74 |
| C(s) (diamond) | C | s | diamond | 1.89 | 2.9 | 2.38 |
| C(g) | C | g | — | 716.681 | 671.2 | 158.1 |
| CO(g) | CO | g | — | -110.52 | -137.15 | 197.7 |
| CO2(g) | CO2 | g | — | -393.51 | -394.36 | 213.8 |
| CO3 2-(aq) | CO32- | aq | — | -677.1 | -527.8 | -56.9 |
| CH4(g) | CH4 | g | — | -74.6 | -50.5 | 186.3 |
| CH3OH(l) | CH3OH | l | — | -239.2 | -166.6 | 126.8 |
| CH3OH(g) | CH3OH | g | — | -201 | -162.3 | 239.9 |
| CCl4(l) | CCl4 | l | — | -128.2 | -62.5 | 214.4 |
| CCl4(g) | CCl4 | g | — | -95.7 | -58.2 | 309.7 |
| CHCl3(l) | CHCl3 | l | — | -134.1 | -73.7 | 201.7 |
| CHCl3(g) | CHCl3 | g | — | -103.14 | -70.34 | 295.71 |
| CS2(l) | CS2 | l | — | 89.7 | 65.27 | 151.34 |
| CS2(g) | CS2 | g | — | 116.9 | 66.8 | 238 |
| C2H2(g) | C2H2 | g | — | 227.4 | 209.2 | 200.9 |
| C2H4(g) | C2H4 | g | — | 52.4 | 68.4 | 219.3 |
| C2H6(g) | C2H6 | g | — | -84 | -32 | 229.2 |
| CH3CO2H(l) | CH3CO2H | l | — | -484.3 | -389.9 | 159.8 |
| CH3CO2H(g) | CH3CO2H | g | — | -434.84 | -376.69 | 282.5 |
| C2H5OH(l) | C2H5OH | l | — | -277.6 | -174.8 | 160.7 |
| C2H5OH(g) | C2H5OH | g | — | -234.8 | -167.9 | 281.6 |
| HCO3-(aq) | HCO3- | aq | — | -691.11 | -587.06 | 95 |
| C3H8(g) | C3H8 | g | — | -103.8 | -23.4 | 270.3 |
| C6H6(g) | C6H6 | g | — | 82.927 | 129.66 | 269.2 |
| C6H6(l) | C6H6 | l | — | 49.1 | 124.5 | 173.4 |
| CH2Cl2(l) | CH2Cl2 | l | — | -124.2 | -63.2 | 177.8 |
| CH2Cl2(g) | CH2Cl2 | g | — | -95.4 | -65.9 | 270.2 |
| CH3Cl(g) | CH3Cl | g | — | -81.9 | -60.2 | 234.6 |
| C2H5Cl(l) | C2H5Cl | l | — | -136.52 | -59.31 | 190.79 |
| C2H5Cl(g) | C2H5Cl | g | — | -112.17 | -60.39 | 276 |
| C2N2(g) | C2N2 | g | — | 308.98 | 297.36 | 241.9 |
| HCN(l) | HCN | l | — | 108.9 | 125 | 112.8 |
| HCN(g) | HCN | g | — | 135.5 | 124.7 | 201.8 |
| Cs+(aq) | Cs+ | aq | — | -248 | -282 | 133 |
| Cl2(g) | Cl2 | g | — | 0 | 0 | 223.1 |
| Cl(g) | Cl | g | — | 121.3 | 105.7 | 165.2 |
| Cl-(aq) | Cl- | aq | — | -167.2 | -131.2 | 56.5 |
| ClF(g) | ClF | g | — | -54.48 | -55.94 | 217.78 |
| ClF3(g) | ClF3 | g | — | -158.99 | -118.83 | 281.5 |
| Cl2O(g) | Cl2O | g | — | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 |
| Cl2O7(l) | Cl2O7 | l | — | 238.1 | — | — |
| Cl2O7(g) | Cl2O7 | g | — | 272 | — | — |
| HCl(g) | HCl | g | — | -92.307 | -95.299 | 186.9 |
| HClO4(l) | HClO4 | l | — | -40.58 | — | — |
| Cr(s) | Cr | s | — | 0 | 0 | 23.77 |
| Cr(g) | Cr | g | — | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.5 |
| CrO4 2-(aq) | CrO42- | aq | — | -881.2 | -727.8 | 50.21 |
| Cr2O7 2-(aq) | Cr2O72- | aq | — | -1490.3 | -1301.1 | 261.9 |
| Cr2O3(s) | Cr2O3 | s | — | -1139.7 | -1058.1 | 81.2 |
| CrO3(s) | CrO3 | s | — | -589.5 | — | — |
| (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) | (NH4)2Cr2O7 | s | — | -1806.7 | — | — |
| Co(s) | Co | s | — | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| Co2+(aq) | Co2+ | aq | — | -67.4 | -51.5 | -155 |
| Co3+(aq) | Co3+ | aq | — | 92 | 134 | -305 |
| CoO(s) | CoO | s | — | -237.9 | -214.2 | 52.97 |
| Co3O4(s) | Co3O4 | s | — | -910.02 | -794.98 | 114.22 |
| Co(NO3)2(s) | Co(NO3)2 | s | — | -420.5 | — | — |
| Cu(s) | Cu | s | — | 0 | 0 | 33.15 |
| Cu(g) | Cu | g | — | 338.32 | 298.58 | 166.38 |
| Cu+(aq) | Cu+ | aq | — | 51.9 | 50.2 | -26 |
| Cu2+(aq) | Cu2+ | aq | — | 64.77 | 65.49 | -99.6 |
| CuO(s) | CuO | s | — | -157.3 | -129.7 | 42.63 |
| Cu2O(s) | Cu2O | s | — | -168.6 | -146 | 93.14 |
| CuS(s) | CuS | s | — | -53.1 | -53.6 | 66.5 |
| Cu2S(s) | Cu2S | s | — | -79.5 | -86.2 | 120.9 |
| CuSO4(s) | CuSO4 | s | — | -771.36 | -662.2 | 109.2 |
| Cu(NO3)2(s) | Cu(NO3)2 | s | — | -302.9 | — | — |
| F2(g) | F2 | g | — | 0 | 0 | 202.8 |
| F(g) | F | g | — | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 |
| F-(aq) | F- | aq | — | -332.6 | -278.8 | -13.8 |
| F2O(g) | F2O | g | — | 24.7 | 41.9 | 247.43 |
| HF(g) | HF | g | — | -273.3 | -275.4 | 173.8 |
| H2(g) | H2 | g | — | 0 | 0 | 130.7 |
| H(g) | H | g | — | 217.97 | 203.26 | 114.7 |
| H+(aq) | H+ | aq | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OH-(aq) | OH- | aq | — | -230 | -157.2 | -10.75 |
| H3O+(aq) | H3O+ | aq | — | -285.8 | — | 69.91 |
| H2O(l) | H2O | l | — | -285.83 | -237.1 | 70 |
| H2O(g) | H2O | g | — | -241.82 | -228.59 | 188.8 |
| H2O2(l) | H2O2 | l | — | -187.78 | -120.35 | 109.6 |
| H2O2(g) | H2O2 | g | — | -136.3 | -105.6 | 232.7 |
| HF(g) | HF | g | — | -273.3 | -275.4 | 173.8 |
| HCl(g) | HCl | g | — | -92.307 | -95.299 | 186.9 |
| HBr(g) | HBr | g | — | -36.3 | -53.43 | 198.7 |
| HI(g) | HI | g | — | 26.48 | 1.7 | 206.59 |
| H2S(g) | H2S | g | — | -20.6 | -33.4 | 205.8 |
| H2Se(g) | H2Se | g | — | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219 |
| HNO3 | HNO3 | — | — | -206.64 | — | — |
| I2(s) | I2 | s | — | 0 | 0 | 116.14 |
| I2(g) | I2 | g | — | 62.438 | 19.3 | 260.7 |
| I(g) | I | g | — | 106.84 | 70.2 | 180.8 |
| I-(aq) | I- | aq | — | -55.19 | -51.57 | 11.13 |
| IF(g) | IF | g | — | 95.65 | -118.49 | 236.06 |
| ICl(g) | ICl | g | — | 17.78 | -5.44 | 247.44 |
| IBr(g) | IBr | g | — | 40.84 | 3.72 | 258.66 |
| IF7(g) | IF7 | g | — | -943.91 | -818.39 | 346.44 |
| HI(g) | HI | g | — | 26.48 | 1.7 | 206.59 |
| Fe(s) | Fe | s | — | 0 | 0 | 27.3 |
| Fe(g) | Fe | g | — | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 |
| Fe2+(aq) | Fe2+ | aq | — | -89.1 | -78.9 | -137.7 |
| Fe3+(aq) | Fe3+ | aq | — | -48.5 | -4.7 | -315.9 |
| Fe2O3(s) | Fe2O3 | s | — | -824.2 | -742.2 | 87.4 |
| Fe3O4(s) | Fe3O4 | s | — | -1118.4 | -1015.4 | 146.4 |
| Fe(CO)5(l) | Fe(CO)5 | l | — | -774.04 | -705.42 | 338.07 |
| Fe(CO)5(g) | Fe(CO)5 | g | — | -733.87 | -697.26 | 445.18 |
| FeCl2(s) | FeCl2 | s | — | -341.79 | -302.3 | 117.95 |
| FeCl3(s) | FeCl3 | s | — | -399.49 | -334 | 142.3 |
| FeO(s) | FeO | s | — | -272 | -255.2 | 60.75 |
| Fe(OH)2(s) | Fe(OH)2 | s | — | -569 | -486.5 | 88 |
| Fe(OH)3(s) | Fe(OH)3 | s | — | -823 | -696.5 | 106.7 |
| FeS(s) | FeS | s | — | -100 | -100.4 | 60.29 |
| Fe3C(s) | Fe3C | s | — | 25.1 | 20.08 | 104.6 |
| Pb(s) | Pb | s | — | 0 | 0 | 64.81 |
| Pb(g) | Pb | g | — | 195.2 | 162 | 175.4 |
| Pb2+(aq) | Pb2+ | aq | — | -1.7 | -24.43 | 10.5 |
| PbO(s) (yellow) | PbO | s | yellow | -217.32 | -187.89 | 68.7 |
| PbO(s) (red) | PbO | s | red | -218.99 | -188.93 | 66.5 |
| Pb(OH)2(s) | Pb(OH)2 | s | — | -515.9 | — | — |
| PbS(s) | PbS | s | — | -100.4 | -98.7 | 91.2 |
| Pb(NO3)2(s) | Pb(NO3)2 | s | — | -451.9 | — | — |
| PbO2(s) | PbO2 | s | — | -277.4 | -217.3 | 68.6 |
| PbCl2(s) | PbCl2 | s | — | -359.4 | -314.1 | 136 |
| Li(s) | Li | s | — | 0 | 0 | 29.1 |
| Li(g) | Li | g | — | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 |
| Li+(aq) | Li+ | aq | — | -278.5 | -293.3 | 13.4 |
| LiH(s) | LiH | s | — | -90.5 | -68.3 | 20 |
| Li(OH)(s) | Li(OH) | s | — | -487.5 | -441.5 | 42.8 |
| LiF(s) | LiF | s | — | -616 | -587.5 | 35.7 |
| Li2CO3(s) | Li2CO3 | s | — | -1216.04 | -1132.19 | 90.17 |
| Mg2+(aq) | Mg2+ | aq | — | -466.9 | -454.8 | -138.1 |
| Mn(s) | Mn | s | — | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| Mn(g) | Mn | g | — | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 |
| Mn2+(aq) | Mn2+ | aq | — | -220.8 | -228.1 | -73.6 |
| MnO(s) | MnO | s | — | -385.2 | -362.9 | 59.71 |
| MnO2(s) | MnO2 | s | — | -520.03 | -465.1 | 53.05 |
| Mn2O3(s) | Mn2O3 | s | — | -958.97 | -881.15 | 110.46 |
| Mn3O4(s) | Mn3O4 | s | — | -1378.83 | -1283.23 | 155.64 |
| MnO4-(aq) | MnO4- | aq | — | -541.4 | -447.2 | 191.2 |
| MnO4 2-(aq) | MnO42- | aq | — | -653 | -500.7 | 59 |
| Hg(l) | Hg | l | — | 0 | 0 | 75.9 |
| Hg(g) | Hg | g | — | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175 |
| Hg2+(aq) | Hg2+ | aq | — | — | 164.8 | — |
| Hg2+(aq) | Hg2+ | aq | — | 172.4 | 153.9 | 84.5 |
| HgO(s) (red) | HgO | s | red | -90.83 | -58.5 | 70.29 |
| HgO(s) (yellow) | HgO | s | yellow | -90.46 | -58.43 | 71.13 |
| HgCl2(s) | HgCl2 | s | — | -224.3 | -178.6 | 146 |
| Hg2Cl2(s) | Hg2Cl2 | s | — | -265.4 | -210.7 | 191.6 |
| HgS(s) (red) | HgS | s | red | -58.16 | -50.6 | 82.4 |
| HgS(s) (black) | HgS | s | black | -53.56 | -47.7 | 88.28 |
| HgSO4(s) | HgSO4 | s | — | -707.51 | -594.13 | 0 |
| Ni2+(aq) | Ni2+ | aq | — | -64 | -46.4 | -159 |
| N2(g) | N2 | g | — | 0 | 0 | 191.6 |
| N(g) | N | g | — | 472.704 | 455.5 | 153.3 |
| NO(g) | NO | g | — | 90.25 | 87.6 | 210.8 |
| NO2(g) | NO2 | g | — | 33.2 | 51.3 | 240.1 |
| N2O(g) | N2O | g | — | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220 |
| N2O3(g) | N2O3 | g | — | 83.72 | 139.41 | 312.17 |
| NO3-(aq) | NO3- | aq | — | -205 | -108.7 | 146.4 |
| N2O4(g) | N2O4 | g | — | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 |
| N2O5(g) | N2O5 | g | — | 11.3 | 115.1 | 355.7 |
| NH3(g) | NH3 | g | — | -45.9 | -16.5 | 192.8 |
| NH4+(aq) | NH4+ | aq | — | -132.5 | -79.31 | 113.4 |
| N2H4(l) | N2H4 | l | — | 50.63 | 149.43 | 121.21 |
| N2H4(g) | N2H4 | g | — | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 |
| NH4NO3(s) | NH4NO3 | s | — | -365.56 | -183.87 | 151.08 |
| NH4Cl(s) | NH4Cl | s | — | -314.43 | -202.87 | 94.6 |
| NH4Br(s) | NH4Br | s | — | -270.8 | -175.2 | 113 |
| NH4I(s) | NH4I | s | — | -201.4 | -112.5 | 117 |
| NH4NO2(s) | NH4NO2 | s | — | -256.5 | — | — |
| HNO3(l) | HNO3 | l | — | -174.1 | -80.7 | 155.6 |
| HNO3(g) | HNO3 | g | — | -133.9 | -73.5 | 266.9 |
| HNO3(aq) | HNO3 | aq | — | -207.4 | -110.5 | 146 |
| O2(g) | O2 | g | — | 0 | 0 | 205.2 |
| O(g) | O | g | — | 249.17 | 231.7 | 161.1 |
| O3(g) | O3 | g | — | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 |
| P4(s) | P4 | s | — | 0 | 0 | 164.4 |
| P4(g) | P4 | g | — | 58.91 | 24.4 | 280 |
| P(g) | P | g | — | 314.64 | 278.25 | 163.19 |
| PH3(g) | PH3 | g | — | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 |
| PCl3(g) | PCl3 | g | — | -287 | -267.8 | 311.78 |
| PCl5(g) | PCl5 | g | — | -374.9 | -305 | 364.4 |
| P4O6(s) | P4O6 | s | — | -1640.1 | — | — |
| P4O10(s) | P4O10 | s | — | -2984 | -2697 | 228.86 |
| PO4 3-(aq) | PO43- | aq | — | -1277 | -1019 | -222 |
| HPO3(s) | HPO3 | s | — | -948.5 | — | — |
| HPO4 2-(aq) | HPO42- | aq | — | -1292.1 | -1089.3 | -33 |
| H2PO4 2-(aq) | H2PO42- | aq | — | -1296.3 | -1130.4 | 90.4 |
| H3PO2(s) | H3PO2 | s | — | -604.6 | — | — |
| H3PO3(s) | H3PO3 | s | — | -964.4 | — | — |
| H3PO4(s) | H3PO4 | s | — | -1279 | -1119.1 | 110.5 |
| H3PO4(l) | H3PO4 | l | — | -1266.9 | -1124.3 | 110.5 |
| H4P2O7(s) | H4P2O7 | s | — | -2241 | — | — |
| POCl3(l) | POCl3 | l | — | -597.1 | -520.8 | 222.5 |
| POCl3(g) | POCl3 | g | — | -558.5 | -512.9 | 325.5 |
| K(s) | K | s | — | 0 | 0 | 64.7 |
| K(g) | K | g | — | 89 | 60.5 | 160.3 |
| K+(aq) | K+ | aq | — | -252.4 | -283.3 | 102.5 |
| KF(s) | KF | s | — | -576.27 | -537.75 | 66.57 |
| KCl(s) | KCl | s | — | -436.5 | -408.5 | 82.6 |
| Rb+(aq) | Rb+ | aq | — | -246 | -282.2 | 124 |
| Si(s) | Si | s | — | 0 | 0 | 18.8 |
| Si(g) | Si | g | — | 450 | 405.5 | 168 |
| SiO2(s) | SiO2 | s | — | -910.7 | -856.3 | 41.5 |
| SiH4(g) | SiH4 | g | — | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 |
| H2SiO3(s) | H2SiO3 | s | — | -1188.67 | -1092.44 | 133.89 |
| H4SiO4(s) | H4SiO4 | s | — | -1481.14 | -1333.02 | 192.46 |
| SiF4(g) | SiF4 | g | — | -1615 | -1572.8 | 282.8 |
| SiCl4(l) | SiCl4 | l | — | -687 | -619.8 | 239.7 |
| SiCl4(g) | SiCl4 | g | — | -662.75 | -622.58 | 330.62 |
| SiC(s, beta cubic) | SiC | s | beta cubic | -73.22 | -70.71 | 16.61 |
| SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) | SiC | s | alpha hexagonal | -71.55 | -69.04 | 16.48 |
| Ag(s) | Ag | s | — | 0 | 0 | 42.55 |
| Ag(g) | Ag | g | — | 284.9 | 246 | 172.89 |
| Ag+(aq) | Ag+ | aq | — | 105.6 | 77.11 | 72.68 |
| Ag2O(s) | Ag2O | s | — | -31.05 | -11.2 | 121.3 |
| AgCl(s) | AgCl | s | — | -127 | -109.8 | 96.3 |
| Ag2S(s) | Ag2S | s | — | -32.6 | -40.7 | 144 |
| Na(s) | Na | s | — | 0 | 0 | 51.3 |
| Na(g) | Na | g | — | 107.5 | 77 | 153.7 |
| Na+(aq) | Na+ | aq | — | -240.1 | -261.9 | 59 |
| Na2O(s) | Na2O | s | — | -414.2 | -375.5 | 75.1 |
| NaCl(s) | NaCl | s | — | -411.2 | -384.1 | 72.1 |
| NaOH(s) | NaOH | s | — | -425.6 | -379.5 | 64.5 |
| Sr2+(aq) | Sr2+ | aq | — | -545.8 | -557.3 | -32.6 |
| S8(s) (rhombic) | S8 | s | rhombic | 0 | 0 | 256.8 |
| S(g) | S | g | — | 278.81 | 238.25 | 167.82 |
| S2-(aq) | S2- | aq | — | 41.8 | 83.7 | 22 |
| SO2(g) | SO2 | g | — | -296.83 | -300.1 | 248.2 |
| SO3(g) | SO3 | g | — | -395.72 | -371.06 | 256.76 |
| SO4 2-(aq) | SO42- | aq | — | -909.3 | -744.5 | 20.1 |
| S2O3 2-(aq) | S2O32- | aq | — | -648.5 | -522.5 | 67 |
| H2S(g) | H2S | g | — | -20.6 | -33.4 | 205.8 |
| HS-(aq) | HS- | aq | — | -17.7 | 12.6 | 61.1 |
| H2SO4(l) | H2SO4 | l | — | -813.989 | -690 | 156.9 |
| HSO4-(aq) | HSO4- | aq | — | -885.75 | -752.87 | 126.9 |
| H2S2O7(s) | H2S2O7 | s | — | -1273.6 | — | — |
| SF4(g) | SF4 | g | — | -728.43 | -684.84 | 291.12 |
| SF6(g) | SF6 | g | — | -1220.5 | -1116.5 | 291.5 |
| SCl2(l) | SCl2 | l | — | -50 | — | — |
| SCl2(g) | SCl2 | g | — | -19.7 | — | — |
| S2Cl2(l) | S2Cl2 | l | — | -59.4 | — | — |
| S2Cl2(g) | S2Cl2 | g | — | -19.5 | -29.25 | 319.45 |
| SOCl2(g) | SOCl2 | g | — | -212.55 | -198.32 | 309.66 |
| SOCl2(l) | SOCl2 | l | — | -245.6 | — | — |
| SO2Cl2(l) | SO2Cl2 | l | — | -394.1 | — | — |
| SO2Cl2(g) | SO2Cl2 | g | — | -354.8 | -310.45 | 311.83 |
| Sn(s) | Sn | s | — | 0 | 0 | 51.2 |
| Sn(g) | Sn | g | — | 301.2 | 266.2 | 168.5 |
| SnO(s) | SnO | s | — | -285.8 | -256.9 | 56.5 |
| SnO2(s) | SnO2 | s | — | -577.6 | -515.8 | 49 |
| SnCl4(l) | SnCl4 | l | — | -511.3 | -440.1 | 258.6 |
| SnCl4(g) | SnCl4 | g | — | -471.5 | -432.2 | 365.8 |
| Ti(s) | Ti | s | — | 0 | 0 | 30.7 |
| Ti(g) | Ti | g | — | 473 | 428.4 | 180.3 |
| TiO2(s) | TiO2 | s | — | -944 | -888.8 | 50.6 |
| TiCl4(l) | TiCl4 | l | — | -804.2 | -737.2 | 252.4 |
| TiCl4(g) | TiCl4 | g | — | -763.2 | -726.3 | 353.2 |
| W(s) | W | s | — | 0 | 0 | 32.6 |
| W(g) | W | g | — | 849.4 | 807.1 | 174 |
| WO3(s) | WO3 | s | — | -842.9 | -764 | 75.9 |
| Zn(s) | Zn | s | — | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
| Zn(g) | Zn | g | — | 130.73 | 95.14 | 160.98 |
| Zn2+(aq) | Zn2+ | aq | — | -153.9 | -147.1 | -112.1 |
| ZnO(s) | ZnO | s | — | -350.5 | -320.5 | 43.7 |
| ZnCl2(s) | ZnCl2 | s | — | -415.1 | -369.43 | 111.5 |
| ZnS(s) | ZnS | s | — | -206 | -201.3 | 57.7 |
| ZnSO4(s) | ZnSO4 | s | — | -982.8 | -871.5 | 110.5 |
| ZnCO3(s) | ZnCO3 | s | — | -812.78 | -731.57 | 82.42 |
| [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis | [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis | — | — | -898.7 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans | [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans | — | — | -896.2 | — | — |
| NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] | NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] | — | — | -837.6 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 | [Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 | — | — | -2733 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis | [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis | — | — | -874.9 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans | [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans | — | — | -877.4 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis | [Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis | — | — | -689.5 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis | [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis | — | — | -681.2 | — | — |
| [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans | [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans | — | — | -677.4 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3](ClO4)3 | [Co(en)3](ClO4)3 | — | — | -762.7 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]Br2 | [Co(en)3]Br2 | — | — | -595.8 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]I2 | [Co(en)3]I2 | — | — | -475.3 | — | — |
| [Co(en)3]I3 | [Co(en)3]I3 | — | — | -519.2 | — | — |
| [Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 | [Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 | — | — | -1034.7 | -221.1 | 615 |
| [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 | [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 | — | — | -1088.7 | -412.9 | 331 |
| [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 | [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 | — | — | -1282 | -524.5 | 448 |
| [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | — | — | -1017.1 | -582.5 | 366.1 |
| [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 | [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 | — | — | -725.5 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 | [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 | — | — | -994.1 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]Br2 | [Ni(NH3)6]Br2 | — | — | -923.8 | — | — |
| [Ni(NH3)6]I2 | [Ni(NH3)6]I2 | — | — | -808.3 | — | — |
Important Notes
- All values at 298.15 K (25 °C) and 1 bar; aqueous ions referenced to 1 mol/L with S°(H⁺, aq) ≡ 0.
- Pure elements in their standard reference state (graphite for C; H₂, N₂, O₂ as gases; etc.) have ΔH°f = ΔG°f = 0 by definition.
- Use Hess's law: ΔH°rxn = Σ n·ΔH°f(products) − Σ n·ΔH°f(reactants), where n is the stoichiometric coefficient.
- For ΔG°rxn use ΔG°rxn = ΔH°rxn − T·ΔS°rxn (T in K, ΔS° in J/(mol·K) — convert to kJ before combining).
- Some entries have a `form` qualifier (graphite vs diamond for C, red vs yellow for HgO, rhombic vs monoclinic for S) — pick the form your problem specifies.
- Coordination complexes near the bottom of the table use bracket notation; ligands like en = ethylenediamine. Solid phase assumed.
- Aqueous-ion entropies are NOT absolute — they're referenced to S°(H⁺, aq) ≡ 0. Negative S° values for ions are real (relative to that convention).
Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e, Appendix G — Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances (CC BY 4.0)