68 entries

Average Bond Energies

Average bond energies (kJ/mol) for single, double, and triple bonds, with bond lengths for the carbon multiple-bond ladders. Estimate a reaction enthalpy from bond energies: ΔH ≈ Σ D(bonds broken) − Σ D(bonds formed).

Bond Bond Order Bond Energy (kJ/mol) Bond Length (Å)
H–HSingle436
C–SSingle260
F–ClSingle255
H–CSingle415
C–ClSingle330
F–BrSingle235
H–NSingle390
C–BrSingle275
Si–SiSingle230
H–OSingle464
C–ISingle240
Si–PSingle215
H–FSingle569
N–NSingle160
Si–SSingle225
H–SiSingle395
N=NDouble418
Si–ClSingle359
H–PSingle320
N≡NTriple946
Si–BrSingle290
H–SSingle340
N–OSingle200
Si–ISingle215
H–ClSingle432
N–FSingle270
P–PSingle215
H–BrSingle370
N–PSingle210
P–SSingle230
H–ISingle295
N–ClSingle200
P–ClSingle330
C–CSingle3451.54
N–BrSingle245
P–BrSingle270
C=CDouble6111.34
O–OSingle140
P–ISingle215
C≡CTriple8371.20
O=ODouble498
S–SSingle215
C–NSingle2901.43
O–FSingle160
S–ClSingle250
C=NDouble6151.38
O–SiSingle370
S–BrSingle215
C≡NTriple8911.16
O–PSingle350
Cl–ClSingle243
C–OSingle3501.43
O–ClSingle205
Cl–BrSingle220
C=ODouble7411.23
O–ISingle200
Cl–ISingle210
C≡OTriple10801.13
F–FSingle160
Br–BrSingle190
C–FSingle439
F–SiSingle540
Br–ISingle180
C–SiSingle360
F–PSingle489
I–ISingle150
C–PSingle265
F–SSingle285

Important Notes

  • These are AVERAGE values over many compounds — bond-energy estimates of ΔH are approximations; enthalpies of formation give exact values when available.
  • ΔH ≈ Σ D(bonds broken) − Σ D(bonds formed). Breaking bonds costs energy (positive); forming bonds releases it.
  • For the same pair of atoms, more bonds = stronger and shorter: C–C 345 kJ/mol (1.54 Å) → C=C 611 (1.34 Å) → C≡C 837 (1.20 Å).
  • Bond lengths are tabulated for the carbon single/double/triple ladders (C–C, C–N, C–O); a dash means the source does not tabulate a length for that bond.
  • ChemWhiz problems that need bond energies supply them in the problem statement; this table is the general reference.

Source: OpenStax Chemistry 2e, §7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Tables 7.2 and 7.3) (CC BY 4.0)