[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1022},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reference-phase-diagrams":3},{"table":4},{"id":5,"slug":6,"title":7,"shortTitle":8,"category":9,"description":10,"metaDescription":11,"chart":12,"columns":971,"rows":989,"entryCount":1000,"source":1001,"notes":1003,"relatedTopics":1009,"relatedElements":1013,"seoKeywords":1014},23,"phase-diagrams","Phase Diagrams of Water and Carbon Dioxide","Phase Diagrams","Gases & Liquids","Interactive pressure-temperature phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide. Click or tap anywhere to identify the phase at that temperature and pressure; points on a curve read as the two-phase equilibrium, and the triple and critical points announce themselves. Vapor curves derive from the course anchor points by Clausius-Clapeyron fits; fusion lines are anchored linear fits.","Interactive phase diagrams of water and CO2: triple points, critical points, sublimation of dry ice, supercritical fluids, and the negative slope of water's fusion line - click any point to identify the phase.",{"type":6,"diagrams":13},[14,534],{"key":15,"name":16,"formula":17,"tMin":18,"tMax":19,"pMinLog":20,"pMaxLog":21,"triple":22,"critical":26,"atOneAtm":30,"fusionSlope":33,"curves":34},"water","Water (H₂O)","H₂O",-40,420,-1,4.6,{"t":23,"p":24,"label":25},0.01,0.6137,"Triple point (0.01 °C, ≈0.61 kPa)",{"t":27,"p":28,"label":29},374,22088.850000000002,"Critical point (374 °C, 218 atm)",{"melt":31,"boil":32},0,100,"negative",{"sublimation":35,"vaporization":216,"fusion":399},[36,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71,74,77,80,83,86,89,92,95,98,101,104,107,110,113,116,119,122,125,128,131,134,137,140,143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215],[18,37],0.018,[39,40],-39.33,0.0193,[42,43],-38.67,0.0206,[45,46],-38,0.0221,[48,49],-37.33,0.0236,[51,52],-36.67,0.0253,[54,55],-36,0.027,[57,58],-35.33,0.0289,[60,61],-34.67,0.0308,[63,64],-34,0.0329,[66,67],-33.33,0.0351,[69,70],-32.66,0.0375,[72,73],-32,0.04,[75,76],-31.33,0.0427,[78,79],-30.66,0.0455,[81,82],-30,0.0485,[84,85],-29.33,0.0516,[87,88],-28.66,0.055,[90,91],-28,0.0585,[93,94],-27.33,0.0623,[96,97],-26.66,0.0662,[99,100],-26,0.0704,[102,103],-25.33,0.0749,[105,106],-24.66,0.0796,[108,109],-24,0.0846,[111,112],-23.33,0.0898,[114,115],-22.66,0.0953,[117,118],-22,0.1012,[120,121],-21.33,0.1074,[123,124],-20.66,0.1139,[126,127],-19.99,0.1208,[129,130],-19.33,0.128,[132,133],-18.66,0.1357,[135,136],-17.99,0.1437,[138,139],-17.33,0.1522,[141,142],-16.66,0.1612,[144,145],-15.99,0.1706,[147,148],-15.33,0.1805,[150,151],-14.66,0.1909,[153,154],-13.99,0.2019,[156,157],-13.33,0.2135,[159,160],-12.66,0.2256,[162,163],-11.99,0.2384,[165,166],-11.33,0.2518,[168,169],-10.66,0.266,[171,172],-9.99,0.2808,[174,175],-9.33,0.2964,[177,178],-8.66,0.3127,[180,181],-7.99,0.3299,[183,184],-7.33,0.3479,[186,187],-6.66,0.3668,[189,190],-5.99,0.3866,[192,193],-5.32,0.4074,[195,196],-4.66,0.4292,[198,199],-3.99,0.452,[201,202],-3.32,0.4759,[204,205],-2.66,0.501,[207,208],-1.99,0.5273,[210,211],-1.32,0.5548,[213,214],-0.66,0.5836,[23,24],[217,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397],[23,24],[219,220],4,0.8133,[222,223],10,1.2266,[225,226],15,1.7065,[228,229],20,2.3331,[231,232],22,2.6398,[234,235],25,3.1731,[237,238],30,4.2396,[240,241],35,5.6262,[243,244],40,7.3727,[246,247],45,9.5859,[249,250],50,12.3323,[252,253],55,15.732,[255,256],60,19.9183,[258,259],65,24.9979,[261,262],70,31.1574,[264,265],75,38.5434,[267,268],80,47.3426,[270,271],85,57.8084,[273,274],90,70.1007,[276,277],95,84.5128,[32,279],101.3247,[281,282],106.85,127.4318,[284,285],113.7,158.9693,[287,288],120.55,196.7918,[290,291],127.4,241.8411,[293,294],134.25,295.1501,[296,297],141.1,357.8446,[299,300],147.95,431.1462,[302,303],154.8,516.3733,[305,306],161.65,614.9427,[308,309],168.5,728.37,[311,312],175.35,858.2696,[314,315],182.2,1006.3547,[317,318],189.05,1174.4362,[320,321],195.9,1364.4215,[323,324],202.75,1578.3128,[326,327],209.6,1818.2046,[329,330],216.45,2086.2818,[332,333],223.3,2384.8159,[335,336],230.15,2716.1625,[338,339],237,3082.7571,[341,342],243.85,3487.1117,[344,345],250.7,3931.8103,[347,348],257.55,4419.5048,[350,351],264.4,4952.9102,[353,354],271.25,5534.8002,[356,357],278.1,6168.002,[359,360],284.95,6855.392,[362,363],291.8,7599.8899,[365,366],298.65,8404.4544,[368,369],305.5,9272.0777,[371,372],312.35,10205.7807,[374,375],319.2,11208.6077,[377,378],326.05,12283.6214,[380,381],332.9,13433.8982,[383,384],339.75,14662.523,[386,387],346.6,15972.5846,[389,390],353.45,17367.1709,[392,393],360.3,18849.3645,[395,396],367.15,20422.238,[27,398],22088.85,[400,402,404,406,408,410,412,414,416,418,420,423,425,427,429,431,434,436,439,442,445,448,451,453,456,459,462,465,468,471,474,477,480,483,486,489,492,495,498,501,504,507,510,513,516,519,522,525,528,531],[23,401],0.61,[23,403],0.77,[23,405],0.97,[23,407],1.22,[23,409],1.54,[23,411],1.94,[23,413],2.44,[23,415],3.08,[23,417],3.87,[23,419],4.87,[421,422],0.009,6.14,[421,424],7.73,[421,426],9.73,[421,428],12.24,[421,430],15.42,[432,433],0.008,19.41,[432,435],24.43,[437,438],0.007,30.76,[440,441],0.006,38.72,[443,444],0.005,48.75,[446,447],0.004,61.37,[449,450],0.002,77.26,[31,452],97.26,[454,455],-0.002,122.45,[457,458],-0.005,154.15,[460,461],-0.009,194.07,[463,464],-0.014,244.32,[466,467],-0.02,307.58,[469,470],-0.028,387.22,[472,473],-0.038,487.48,[475,476],-0.051,613.7,[478,479],-0.067,772.6,[481,482],-0.087,972.65,[484,485],-0.112,1224.49,[487,488],-0.143,1541.54,[490,491],-0.183,1940.69,[493,494],-0.233,2443.18,[496,497],-0.295,3075.79,[499,500],-0.374,3872.19,[502,503],-0.474,4874.79,[505,506],-0.599,6137,[508,509],-0.757,7726.03,[511,512],-0.956,9726.49,[514,515],-1.206,12244.92,[517,518],-1.521,15415.45,[520,521],-1.917,19406.9,[523,524],-2.416,24431.84,[526,527],-3.044,30757.86,[529,530],-3.835,38721.85,[532,533],-3.943,39810.72,{"key":535,"name":536,"formula":537,"tMin":538,"tMax":255,"pMinLog":539,"pMaxLog":21,"triple":540,"critical":544,"atOneAtm":548,"fusionSlope":550,"curves":551},"co2","Carbon dioxide (CO₂)","CO₂",-110,0.5,{"t":541,"p":542,"label":543},-56.6,518,"Triple point (−56.6 °C, 518 kPa)",{"t":545,"p":546,"label":547},31,7370,"Critical point (31 °C, 7370 kPa)",{"sublime":549},-78.5,"positive",{"sublimation":552,"vaporization":733,"fusion":913},[553,555,558,561,564,567,570,573,576,579,582,585,588,591,594,597,600,603,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,627,630,633,636,639,642,645,648,651,654,657,660,663,666,669,672,675,678,681,684,687,690,693,696,699,702,705,708,711,714,717,720,723,726,729,732],[538,554],4.4965,[556,557],-109.11,4.9915,[559,560],-108.22,5.5347,[562,563],-107.33,6.1303,[565,566],-106.44,6.7825,[568,569],-105.55,7.4961,[571,572],-104.66,8.276,[574,575],-103.77,9.1276,[577,578],-102.88,10.0564,[580,581],-101.99,11.0687,[583,584],-101.1,12.1707,[586,587],-100.21,13.3694,[589,590],-99.32,14.672,[592,593],-98.43,16.0863,[595,596],-97.54,17.6205,[598,599],-96.65,19.2833,[601,602],-95.76,21.0839,[604,605],-94.87,23.0321,[607,608],-93.98,25.1383,[610,611],-93.09,27.4133,[613,614],-92.2,29.8687,[616,617],-91.31,32.5168,[619,620],-90.42,35.3703,[622,623],-89.53,38.443,[625,626],-88.64,41.7489,[628,629],-87.75,45.3033,[631,632],-86.86,49.1219,[634,635],-85.97,53.2214,[637,638],-85.08,57.6193,[640,641],-84.19,62.334,[643,644],-83.3,67.3847,[646,647],-82.41,72.7918,[649,650],-81.52,78.5763,[652,653],-80.63,84.7606,[655,656],-79.74,91.368,[658,659],-78.85,98.4226,[661,662],-77.96,105.9501,[664,665],-77.07,113.977,[667,668],-76.18,122.5311,[670,671],-75.29,131.6416,[673,674],-74.4,141.3385,[676,677],-73.51,151.6537,[679,680],-72.62,162.6199,[682,683],-71.73,174.2716,[685,686],-70.84,186.6444,[688,689],-69.95,199.7756,[691,692],-69.06,213.7039,[694,695],-68.17,228.4695,[697,698],-67.28,244.1143,[700,701],-66.39,260.6817,[703,704],-65.5,278.2168,[706,707],-64.61,296.7665,[709,710],-63.72,316.3793,[712,713],-62.83,337.1057,[715,716],-61.94,358.9979,[718,719],-61.05,382.11,[721,722],-60.16,406.498,[724,725],-59.27,432.2199,[727,728],-58.38,459.3358,[730,731],-57.49,487.9078,[541,542],[734,735,738,741,744,747,750,753,756,759,762,765,768,771,774,777,780,783,786,789,792,795,798,801,804,807,810,813,816,819,822,825,828,831,834,837,840,843,846,849,852,855,858,861,864,867,870,873,876,879,882,885,888,891,894,897,900,903,906,909,912],[541,542],[736,737],-55.14,550.9885,[739,740],-53.68,585.5966,[742,743],-52.22,621.8775,[745,746],-50.76,659.8853,[748,749],-49.3,699.6743,[751,752],-47.84,741.2998,[754,755],-46.38,784.8175,[757,758],-44.92,830.2836,[760,761],-43.46,877.7551,[763,764],-42,927.2892,[766,767],-40.54,978.9438,[769,770],-39.08,1032.7772,[772,773],-37.62,1088.8481,[775,776],-36.16,1147.2155,[778,779],-34.7,1207.9391,[781,782],-33.24,1271.0787,[784,785],-31.78,1336.6944,[787,788],-30.32,1404.8469,[790,791],-28.86,1475.5967,[793,794],-27.4,1549.0051,[796,797],-25.94,1625.1331,[799,800],-24.48,1704.0423,[802,803],-23.02,1785.7942,[805,806],-21.56,1870.4507,[808,809],-20.1,1958.0736,[811,812],-18.64,2048.7248,[814,815],-17.18,2142.4665,[817,818],-15.72,2239.3607,[820,821],-14.26,2339.4696,[823,824],-12.8,2442.8552,[826,827],-11.34,2549.5797,[829,830],-9.88,2659.7051,[832,833],-8.42,2773.2933,[835,836],-6.96,2890.4063,[838,839],-5.5,3011.1058,[841,842],-4.04,3135.4534,[844,845],-2.58,3263.5105,[847,848],-1.12,3395.3385,[850,851],0.34,3530.9984,[853,854],1.8,3670.551,[856,857],3.26,3814.057,[859,860],4.72,3961.5766,[862,863],6.18,4113.17,[865,866],7.64,4268.8969,[868,869],9.1,4428.8167,[871,872],10.56,4592.9885,[874,875],12.02,4761.471,[877,878],13.48,4934.3227,[880,881],14.94,5111.6014,[883,884],16.4,5293.3647,[886,887],17.86,5479.6699,[889,890],19.32,5670.5736,[892,893],20.78,5866.1321,[895,896],22.24,6066.4011,[898,899],23.7,6271.436,[901,902],25.16,6481.2916,[904,905],26.62,6696.0223,[907,908],28.08,6915.6819,[910,911],29.54,7140.3235,[545,546],[914,915,918,921,924,927,930,933,936,939,942,945,948,951,954,957,960,963,966,969],[541,542],[916,917],-56.572,652.12,[919,920],-56.536,820.97,[922,923],-56.491,1033.55,[925,926],-56.435,1301.16,[928,929],-56.364,1638.06,[931,932],-56.274,2062.2,[934,935],-56.162,2596.15,[937,938],-56.02,3268.36,[940,941],-55.841,4114.62,[943,944],-55.617,5180,[946,947],-55.334,6521.23,[949,950],-54.978,8209.75,[952,953],-54.529,10335.46,[955,956],-53.965,13011.57,[958,959],-53.254,16380.6,[961,962],-52.36,20621.95,[964,965],-51.233,25961.5,[967,968],-49.815,32683.59,[970,533],-48.312,[972,976,980,983,986],{"key":973,"label":974,"type":975},"substance","Substance","chem",{"key":977,"label":978,"type":979},"triple","Triple Point","text",{"key":981,"label":982,"type":979},"critical","Critical Point",{"key":984,"label":985,"type":979},"atOneAtm","Behavior at 1 atm",{"key":987,"label":988,"type":979},"fusionSlope","Fusion-Line Slope",[990,995],{"substance":16,"triple":991,"critical":992,"atOneAtm":993,"fusionSlope":994},"0.01 °C, 0.61 kPa","374 °C, 22089 kPa","Melts at 0 °C, boils at 100 °C","Negative (ice is less dense than liquid water)",{"substance":536,"triple":996,"critical":997,"atOneAtm":998,"fusionSlope":999},"−56.6 °C, 518 kPa","31 °C, 7370 kPa","Sublimes at −78.5 °C (no liquid at 1 atm)","Positive (solid denser than liquid, the usual case)",2,{"label":1002},"Vaporization and sublimation curves: Clausius-Clapeyron fits between the ChemWhiz course anchors (graded Topic 18 triple/critical points and transition temperatures; ΔHvap = 40.7 and ΔHfus = 6.02 kJ/mol), with water below 100 °C following the course vapor-pressure table. Fusion lines: linear fits through the course 1-atm transition points; the CO₂ melting slope is anchored to the NIST-documented melting curve (NIST IR 8608)",[1004,1005,1006,1007,1008],"Reading the diagram: each curve is a two-phase equilibrium; crossing a curve is a phase transition. The three curves meet at the TRIPLE POINT (all three phases coexist); the liquid-gas curve ENDS at the CRITICAL POINT, beyond which liquid and gas merge into a supercritical fluid.","Dry ice sublimes at 1 atm because CO₂'s triple-point pressure (518 kPa, about 5.1 atm) sits ABOVE atmospheric pressure: at 1 atm there is no temperature at which liquid CO₂ exists. Liquid CO₂ appears only above 518 kPa.","Water's fusion line leans slightly LEFT (negative slope): higher pressure melts ice, because ice is less dense than liquid water. CO₂'s fusion line leans right, the usual case.","The pressure axis is logarithmic; it spans from below 1 kPa to beyond the critical pressures.","Water's vaporization curve below 100 °C follows the course vapor-pressure table (see the Water Vapor Pressure reference); the 100 °C to critical stretch, both sublimation curves, and CO₂'s vaporization curve are Clausius-Clapeyron fits between the course anchor points. The fusion lines are linear fits through the 1-atm transition points, with CO₂'s melting slope anchored to the NIST melting curve. ChemWhiz problems supply their own values in the problem statement.",[1010,1011,1012],"intermolecular-forces-and-phase-changes","gases-and-gas-laws","thermochemistry",[],[1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021],"phase diagram water","phase diagram CO2","triple point","critical point supercritical fluid","dry ice sublimation phase diagram","negative slope fusion line water","interactive phase diagram",1785108608710]